4MOST - 4-metre Multi-Object Spectroscopic Telescope
4-m Multi-Object Spectroscopic Telescope
4MOST

Publications

Currently preferred reference for 4MOST

4MOST: Project overview and information for the First Call for Proposals,
R.S. de Jong et al., 2019, The Messenger, 175, 3


Refereed 4MOST papers

17. 4MOST Cosmology Redshift Survey (CRS): Clustering properties of CRS BG and LRG target catalogues B. Bandi et al., 2025, arXiv, arXiv:2510.02449,
16. Testing and combining transient spectral classification tools on 4MOST-like blended spectra A. Milligan et al., 2025, MNRAS, 543, 247
15. The 4MOST-Cosmology Redshift Survey: Target Selection of Bright Galaxies and Luminous Red Galaxies A. Verdier et al., 2025, arXiv, arXiv:2508.07311,
14. An obscured quasar census with the 4MOST IR AGN survey: design, predicted properties, and scientific goals C. Andonie et al., 2025, MNRAS, 539, 2202
13. TiDES: The 4MOST Time Domain Extragalactic Survey C. Frohmaier et al., 2025, arXiv, arXiv:2501.16311,
12. TiDES -- Young Supernova Selection Pipeline H. Addison et al., 2024, arXiv, arXiv:2412.05364,
11. Wide Area VISTA Extra-galactic Survey (WAVES): unsupervised star-galaxy separation on the WAVES-Wide photometric input catalogue using UMAP and HDBSCAN T. L. Cook et al., 2024, MNRAS, 535, 2129
10. Galaxy Spectra neural Network (GaSNet). II. Using deep learning for spectral classification and redshift predictions F. Zhong et al., 2024, MNRAS, 532, 643
9. Using 4MOST to refine the measurement of galaxy properties: a case study of supernova hosts J. Dumayne et al., 2023, RASTI, 2, 453
8. Optimizing a magnitude-limited spectroscopic training sample for photometric classification of supernovae J. E. Carrick et al., 2021, MNRAS, 508, 1
7. An optimized tiling pattern for multiobject spectroscopic surveys: application to the 4MOST survey E. Tempel et al., 2020, MNRAS, 497, 4626
6. Probabilistic fibre-to-target assignment algorithm for multi-object spectroscopic surveys E. Tempel et al., 2020, A&A, 635, A101
5. A spectroscopy facility for many R. S. de Jong et al., 2019, NatAs, 3, 574
4. Complementing asteroseismology with 4MOST spectroscopy R. S. de Jong et al., 2016, AN, 337, 964
3. A new algorithm for optimizing the wavelength coverage for spectroscopic studies: Spectral Wavelength Optimization Code (SWOC) G. R. Ruchti et al., 2016, MNRAS, 461, 2174
2. Stellar science from a blue wavelength range. A possible design for the blue arm of 4MOST C. J. Hansen et al., 2015, AN, 336, 665
1. 4MOST — 4-metre Multi-Object Spectroscopic Telescope R. de Jong et al., 2011, Msngr, 145, 14

Further papers

The second 4MOST issue of The Messenger, 2023, 190:

The 4MOST Community Surveys
V. Mainieri et al., 2023, The Messenger, 190, 3

The White Dwarf Binary Survey (WDB)
O. Toloza et al., 2023, The Messenger, 190, 4

The 4MOST Survey of Young Stars (4SYS)
G. Sacco et al., 2023, The Messenger, 190, 7

4MOST Gaia RR Lyrae Survey (4GRoundS)
R. Ibata et al., 2023, The Messenger, 190, 10

Stellar Clusters in 4MOST
S. Lucatello et al., 2023, The Messenger, 190, 13

Spectroscopic Discovery of Binaries with Dormant Black Holes
M. Pawlak et al., 2023, The Messenger, 190, 17

The 4MOST Survey of Dwarf Galaxies and their Stellar Streams (4DWARFS)
Á. Skúladóttir et al., 2023, The Messenger, 190, 19

Stellar Population Survey Using 4MOST (4MOST-StePS)
A. Iovino et al., 2023, The Messenger, 190, 22

Optical, Radio Continuum and HI Deep Spectroscopic Survey (ORCHIDSS)
K. Duncan et al., 2023, The Messenger, 190, 25

4MOST Complete Calibration of the Colour-Redshift Relation (4C3R2)
D. Gruen et al., 2023, The Messenger, 190, 28

CHANCES: A CHileAN Cluster galaxy Evolution Survey
C. Haines et al., 2023, The Messenger, 190, 31

Chilean AGN/Galaxy Extragalactic Survey (ChANGES)
F. Bauer et al., 2023, The Messenger, 190, 34

The 4MOST–Gaia Purely Astrometric Quasar Survey (4G-PAQS)
J.-K. Krogager et al., 2023, The Messenger, 190, 38

Transform our Understanding of the Baryon Cycle with High-Resolution Quasar Spectroscopy (ByCycle)
C. Peroux et al., 2023, The Messenger, 190, 42

The 4MOST Hemisphere Survey of the Nearby Universe (4HS)
E. Taylor et al., 2023, The Messenger, 190, 46

The 4MOST Strong Lensing Spectroscopic Legacy Survey (4SLSLS)
T. Collett et al., 2023, The Messenger, 190, 49

The first 4MOST issue of The Messenger, 2019, 175:

4MOST: Project overview and information for the First Call for Proposals
R.S. de Jong et al., 2019, The Messenger, 175, 3

4MOST Scientific Operations
C.J. Walcher et al., 2019, The Messenger, 175, 12

4MOST Survey Strategy Plan
G. Guiglion et al., 2019, The Messenger, 175, 17

4MOST Consortium Survey 1: The Milky Way Halo Low-Resolution Survey
A. Helmi et al., 2019, The Messenger, 175, 23

4MOST Consortium Survey 2: The Milky Way Halo High-Resolution Survey
N. Christlieb et al., 2019, The Messenger, 175, 26

4MOST Consortium Survey 3: Milky Way Disc and Bulge Low-Resolution Survey (4MIDABLE-LR)
C. Chiappini et al., 2019, The Messenger, 175, 30

4MOST Consortium Survey 4: Milky Way Disc and Bulge High-Resolution Survey (4MIDABLE-HR)
T. Bensby et al., 2019, The Messenger, 175, 35

4MOST Consortium Survey 5: eROSITA Galaxy Cluster Redshift Survey
A. Finoguenov et al., 2019, The Messenger, 175, 39

4MOST Consortium Survey 6: Active Galactic Nuclei
A. Merloni et al., 2019, The Messenger, 175, 42

4MOST Consortium Survey 7: Wide-Area VISTA Extragalactic Survey (WAVES)
S.P. Driver et al., 2019, The Messenger, 175, 46

4MOST Consortium Survey 8: Cosmology Redshift Survey (CRS)
J. Richard et al., 2019, The Messenger, 175, 50

4MOST Consortium Survey 9: One Thousand and One Magellanic Fields (1001MC)
M.-R.L. Cioni et al., 2019, The Messenger, 175, 54

4MOST Consortium Survey 10: The Time-Domain Extragalactic Survey (TiDES)
E. Swann et al., 2019, The Messenger, 175, 58

SPIE proceedings

2024

Preliminary characterization and verification of 4MOST in Europe
G. Micheva et al., 2024, Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy X, SPIE, 13096, 1309623

4MOST low-resolution spectrographs AIT at AIP
F. Laurent et al., 2024, Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy X, SPIE, 13096, 130966C

The fibre target alignment process of the 4MOST instrument
R. Winkler et al., 2024, Software and Cyberinfrastructure for Astronomy VIII, SPIE, 13101, 131010L

Assessment and removal of thin tearing resembling structures in deep-depletion CCDs
E. Hernandez et al., 2024, X-Ray, Optical, and Infrared Detectors for Astronomy XI, SPIE, 13103, 131030I

2022

4MOST guiding and wavefront sensing cameras: requirements and early testing
O. Bellido-Tirado et al., 2022, Ground-based and Airborne Telescopes IX, SPIE, 12182, 1218223

4MOST: the 4-metre multi-object spectroscopic telescope project in the assembly, integration, and test phase
R.S. de Jong et al., 2022, Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy IX, SPIE, 12184, 1218414

The assembly and alignment of the 4MOST wide field corrector
M. Cunningham et al., 2022, Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy IX, SPIE, 12184, 121846V

4MOST low resolution spectrograph performances
K. Disseau et al., 2022, Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy IX, SPIE, 12184, 1218479

4MOST: MAIT of the high-resolution-spectrograph
W. Seifert et al., 2022, Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy IX, SPIE, 12184, 121846O

4MOST calibration system: design, assembly, and testing
I. Politopoulos et al., 2022, Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy IX, SPIE, 12184, 1218473

4MOST low resolution spectrograph alignment
F. Laurent et al., 2022, Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy IX, SPIE, 12184, 121846T

Overall performance of AESOP: the 4MOST fibre positioner
J. Brzeski et al., 2022, Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy IX, SPIE, 12184, 121846M

AESOP, the 4MOST fibre positioner: engineering principles
J. Brzeski et al., 2022, Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy IX, SPIE, 12184, 121846N

Rehearsing the complex data flow of multi-object spectrograph survey projects
C.C. Worley et al., 2022, Modeling, Systems Engineering, and Project Management for Astronomy X, SPIE, 12187, 1218706

4MOST metrology system lab calibration and performance
R. Winkler et al., 2022, Advances in Optical and Mechanical Technologies for Telescopes and Instrumentation, SPIE, 12188, 121882A

Active optics upgrade using curvature WFS of VISTA for 4MOST
R. Holzlöhner et al., 2022, Advances in Optical and Mechanical Technologies for Telescopes and Instrumentation, SPIE, 12188, 1218818

2020

4MOST low resolution spectrograph MAIT
F. Laurent et al., 2020, Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy VIII, SPIE, 11447, 1144787

The 4MOST secondary guider imaging system
S.C. Barden et al., 2020, Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy VIII, SPIE, 11447, 114478Q

The instrumental profile of the 4MOST facility
R. Winkler et al., 2020, Modeling, Systems Engineering, and Project Management for Astronomy IX, SPIE, 11450, 114502K

Dichroic coatings for astronomical instrumentation
E. Barthélémy-Mazot et al., 2020, Advances in Optical and Mechanical Technologies for Telescopes and Instrumentation IV, SPIE, 11451, 114515K

Cementing and testing of the 4MOST WFC/ADC doublets
G. Jonas et al., 2020, Advances in Optical and Mechanical Technologies for Telescopes and Instrumentation IV, SPIE, 11451, 114513A

2018

Calibration system for the 4MOST multi object fiber-fed spectrographs
R. Roelfsema et al., 2018, Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy VII, SPIE, 10702, 107027V

4MOST metrology system error analysis
R. Winkler et al., 2018, Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy VII, SPIE, 10702, 1070286

Quality assurance and safety conformity for the 4-metre Multi-Object Spectroscopic Telescope (4MOST) project
D. Giannone et al., 2018, Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy VII, SPIE, 10702, 1070278

Performance of the first production-ready actuators for the 4MOST-AESOP fiber positioner
S. Smedley et al., 2018, Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy VII, SPIE, 10702, 107027Z

4MOST fibre feed: performance and final design
D.M. Haynes et al., 2018, Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy VII, SPIE, 10702, 1070289

AESOP: the 4MOST fiber positioner
J. Brzeski et al., 2018, Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy VII, SPIE, 10702, 1070279

4MOST low resolution spectrograph final design
P. Caillier et al., 2018, Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy VII, SPIE, 10702, 1070287

4MOST: status of the high resolution spectrograph
W. Seifert et al., 2018, Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy VII, SPIE, 10702, 107027B

The 4MOST numerical instrument model: TOAD
R. Winkler et al., 2018, Modeling, Systems Engineering, and Project Management for Astronomy VIII, SPIE, 10705, 1070524

Final design of optical fibre routing for 4MOST
A. Saviauk et al., 2018, Advances in Optical and Mechanical Technologies for Telescopes and Instrumentation III, SPIE, 10706, 107065Y

2017

4MOST optical system: presentation and design details
N. Azaïs et al., 2017, Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series, SPIE, 10401, 1040114

2016

4MOST: the 4-metre Multi-Object Spectroscopic Telescope project at preliminary design review
R.S. de Jong et al., 2016, Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy VI, SPIE, 9908, 99081O

4MOST low-resolution spectrograph: design and performances
F. Laurent et al., 2016, Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy VI, SPIE, 9908, 99087V

Wide-field corrector for 4MOST: design details and MAIV processes
N. Azais et al., 2016, Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy VI, SPIE, 9908, 990889

4MOST fiber feed preliminary design: prototype testing and performance
D.M. Haynes et al., 2016, Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy VI, SPIE, 9908, 99088I

4MOST: the high-resolution spectrograph
W. Seifert et al., 2016, Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy VI, SPIE, 9908, 990890

4MOST metrology system image processing
R. Winkler et al., 2016, Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy VI, SPIE, 9908, 990891

The 4MOST Operations System
T. Dwelly et al., 2016, Observatory Operations: Strategies, Processes, and Systems VI, SPIE, 9910, 99101Q

4MOST: science operations for a large spectroscopic survey program with multiple science cases executed in parallel
C.J. Walcher et al., 2016, Observatory Operations: Strategies, Processes, and Systems VI, SPIE, 9910, 99101N

4MOST systems engineering: from conceptual design to preliminary design review
O. Bellido-Tirado et al., 2016, Modeling, Systems Engineering, and Project Management for Astronomy VI, SPIE, 9911, 99111Y

The 4MOST facility control software
A. Pramskiy et al., 2016, Software and Cyberinfrastructure for Astronomy IV, SPIE, 9913, 991336

2014

4MOST: 4-metre Multi-Object Spectroscopic Telescope
R.S. de Jong et al., 2014, Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy V, SPIE, 9147, 91470M

The 4MOST instrument concept overview
R. Haynes et al., 2014, Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy V, SPIE, 9147, 91476I

4MOST fiber feed concept design
D.M. Haynes et al., 2014, Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy V, SPIE, 9147, 91476A

Efficient and affordable catadioptric spectrograph designs for 4MOST and Hector
W. Saunders, 2014, Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy V, SPIE, 9147, 914760

Target allocation yields for massively multiplexed spectroscopic surveys with fibers
W. Saunders et al., 2014, Modeling, Systems Engineering, and Project Management for Astronomy VI, SPIE, 9150, 915023

From space to specs: requirements for 4MOST
O. Schnurr et al., 2014, Modeling, Systems Engineering, and Project Management for Astronomy VI, SPIE, 9150, 91501C

Systems engineering implementation in the conceptual design phase of 4MOST
O. Bellido-Tirado et al., 2014, Modeling, Systems Engineering, and Project Management for Astronomy VI, SPIE, 9150, 91501B

TOAD: a numerical model for the 4MOST instrument
R. Winkler et al., 2014, Modeling, Systems Engineering, and Project Management for Astronomy VI, SPIE, 9150, 91500T

The fiber positioner for 4MOST: exploration of an alternative R-θ design
A. Saviauk et al., 2014, Advances in Optical and Mechanical Technologies for Telescopes and Instrumentation, SPIE, 9151, 91514Y

Advances in the Echidna fiber-positioning technology
A. Sheinis et al., 2014, Advances in Optical and Mechanical Technologies for Telescopes and Instrumentation, SPIE, 9151, 91511X

2012

4MOST: 4-metre multi-object spectroscopic telescope
R.S. de Jong et al., 2012, Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy IV, SPIE, 8446, 84460T

High resolution spectrograph for the 4MOST facility
S. Mignot et al., 2012, Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy IV, SPIE, 8446, 84464X

4MOST spectral data simulation
P. Sartoretti et al., 2012, Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy IV, SPIE, 8446, 84465P

A fibre positioner solution for the 4MOST instrument
F. Lang-Bardl et al., 2012, Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy IV, SPIE, 8446, 844661

A fast new cadioptric design for fiber-fed spectrographs
W. Saunders, 2012, Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy IV, SPIE, 8446, 844654

The 4MOST facility simulator: instrument and science optimisation
T. Boller et al., 2012, Observatory Operations: Strategies, Processes, and Systems IV, SPIE, 8448, 84480X

Conference proceedings

Preparing for 4MOST. A community workshop introducing ESO’s next-generation spectroscopic survey facility
2019 PDFs of all presentations. See also the workshop's programme for links to videos of the presentations.

Report on the ESO Workshop "Preparing for 4MOST — A Community Workshop Introducing ESO’s Next-Generation Spectroscopic Survey Facility"
J. Liske & V. Mainieri, 2019, The Messenger, 177, 61

The Wide Area VISTA Extra-Galactic Survey (WAVES)
S.P. Driver et al., 2016, The Universe of Digital Sky Surveys, Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings, 42, 205

4MOST: 4m Multi Object Spectroscopic Telescope
E. Depagne et al., 2015, Asteroseismology of Stellar Populations in the Milky Way, Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings, 39, 147

4MOST - The new wide-field, high-multiplex spectroscopic survey facility for ESO's VISTA telescope
R.S. de Jong et al., 2015, IAUGA 29, 2255843

4MOST - 4-meter Multi-Object Spectroscopic Telescope
A. Quirrenbach et al., 2015, IAUGA 29, 2258057

4MOST - 4-meter Multi-Object Spectroscopic Telescope
R.S. de Jong et al., 2012, Assembling the Puzzle of the Milky Way, EPJ Web of Conferences, 19, 09004

4MOST - 4-metre Multi-Object Spectroscopic Telescope
R.S. de Jong, 2012, Science from the Next Generation Imaging and Spectroscopic Surveys, ESO conference